The Outer Space Treaty, adopted in 1967, establishes that outer space is the “province of all mankind” and prohibits any nation from claiming sovereignty over the Moon or other celestial bodies.

Under the principle of Separation of Powers, Congress appropriates funding and conducts oversight, while the executive branch implements space policy. This division helps ensure accountability in how national space efforts are carried out.

The Federal Aviation Administration, through its Office of Commercial Space Transportation, licenses commercial rocket launches and reentries, helping ensure public safety and compliance with U.S. law.

The Artemis Accords, introduced in 2020, outline principles for peaceful exploration, transparency, and cooperation among countries participating in lunar missions.

Under the Outer Space Treaty and related agreements, nations are internationally responsible for national space activities—including those conducted by private companies—and are liable for damage caused by objects they authorize to launch.