John F. Kennedy: The Man, The Myth, The Legacy

Few figures in American history have captured the public’s imagination quite like John F. Kennedy. His presidency, though tragically brief, remains one of the most mythologized in U.S. history. Young, charismatic, and eloquent, he embodied the spirit of a new generation—one that dreamed of space exploration, civil rights, and a more ambitious future. But beneath…

Larry Itliong: The Unseen Architect of the American Farm Labor Movement

Larry Itliong didn’t seek the spotlight, but without him, the farmworker movement in America would not be what it is today. A Filipino American labor organizer with a sharp mind, strong will, and an unwavering sense of justice, Itliong spent his life fighting for the rights of the nation’s most overlooked workers—those who harvested its…

Harry S. Truman: The Unexpected President Who Forged the Modern Era

When Harry S. Truman became president on April 12, 1945, he inherited the most powerful office in the world with little warning and less preparation. He was not elected to lead the nation—he was thrust into it by fate. The world was still engulfed in World War II, the atomic bomb was an untested secret,…

The 17th Amendment: A Constitutional Shift in Senatorial Elections

When the United States Constitution was drafted in 1787, the method for selecting U.S. senators was carefully designed to reflect the federal structure of the new nation. According to Article I, Section 3, senators were to be chosen by state legislatures. This system was intended to give state governments a direct role in federal decision-making…

Why President Lyndon B. Johnson Chose Not to Run for Re-Election

On March 31, 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson surprised the nation when he announced that he wouldn’t run for another term as President of the United States. His decision came at a time when the country was deeply divided. The Vietnam War was dragging on with no clear end in sight, protests were growing louder,…

Mr. Smith Goes to Washington: A Timeless Tale of Idealism and Integrity

On October 17, 1939, Frank Capra’s Mr. Smith Goes to Washington premiered, becoming a landmark in American cinema. Starring James Stewart as the sincere and unassuming Jefferson Smith, this political drama explores the conflict between idealism and corruption in the American political system. The film captured the hearts of audiences and left an indelible mark…

November 2024 General Election: How Are Secretaries of State Preparing Nationwide?

50 states are each in charge of their elections. Join the O’Connor Institute and National Association of Secretaries of State (NASS) to learn how our nation’s elections officers are preparing for the November 5th election. How are the elected officials in charge of American elections preparing for November?

The 26th Amendment

A significant turning point in American history was the ratification of the 26th Amendment to the United States Constitution. Millions of young Americans now have the ability to vote thanks to the reduction of the voting age from 21 to 18. Background and Context The campaign to lower the voting age gathered steam in the…

How Elections in the United States Work

The United States has a long and storied history of democracy, and elections have been a critical part of that story. Today, elections in the United States are held at the federal, state, and local levels. Federal elections, held every four years, select the president and vice president. State elections, held every two years, elect…

Why Does the Electoral College Matter?

The Electoral College is an essential part of the United States’ democratic process. Every four years, citizens across the nation participate in an election to determine the President and Vice President of the United States. However, the outcome is not determined by the popular vote but by the Electoral College. The Electoral College was established…